A generally hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy of iron and carbon, usually containing between 0.2 and 1.5 percent carbon, often with other constituents such as manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, cobalt, or silicon, depending on the desired alloy properties, and widely used as a structural material.

Any of a great number of alloys that contain the element iron as the major component and small amounts of carbon as the major alloying element. These alloys are more properly referred to as carbon steels. Small amounts, generally on the order of a few percent, of other elements such as manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel may also be present in carbon steels. However, when large amounts of alloying elements are added to iron to achieve special properties, other designations are used to describe the alloys. For example, large amounts of chromium, over 12%, are added to produce the important groups of alloys known as stainless steels. See also Stainless steel.

Low-carbon steels, sometimes referred to as mild steels, usually contain less than 0.25% carbon. These steels are easily hot-worked and are produced in large tonnages for beams and other structural applications. The relatively low strength and high ductility of the low-carbon steels make it possible also to cold-work these steels. Cold-rolled low-carbon steels are extensively used for sheet applications in the appliance and automotive industries. Cold-rolled steels have excellent surface finishes, and both hot- and cold-worked mild steels are readily welded.

Medium-carbon steels contain between 0.25 and 0.70% carbon, and are most frequently used in the heat-treated condition for machine components that require high strength and good fatigue resistance.

Steels containing more than 0.7% carbon are in a special category because of their high hardness and low toughness. This combination of properties makes the high-carbon steels ideal for bearing applications where wear resistance is important and the compressive loading minimizes brittle fracture that might develop on tensile loading.

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